PAD 630 Final Project Guidelines and Rubric
Overview
Understanding the organizational, legal, and cultural differences between managing in the public sector versus the private sector is vital to organizational
success. Public managers face unique challenges (both ideological and practical), which is why an understanding of the dynamic interaction of theory and
practice is important. In addition, public managers need to understand the enduring issues and evolving tools required in public service.
For the final project, you will write a white paper focusing on an organizational, a legal, or a cultural challenge in the field of public administration. Early in the
course, you will select an issue that is of interest to you. Your chosen challenge will act as the lens through which you will examine the impacts of various
theories on the practice of public administration. You will also assess the role of the executive, judicial, and legislative branches in developing public policy, and
you will evaluate budgeting techniques and communication strategies for their effectiveness.
The project is divided into three milestones, which will be submitted at various points throughout the course to scaffold learning and ensure quality final
submissions. These milestones will be submitted in Modules Two, Five, and Eight. The final project will be submitted in Module Ten.
This assessment addresses the following course outcomes:
ï‚· Contrast the views of early public administration theorists for determining their impact on the public administration profession
ï‚· Assess the impact of professional management on the effectiveness of governmental operations at the federal, state, and local levels
ï‚· Analyze essential organizational, cultural, and legal differences between public administration and private sector management for determining their
impact on governmental operations
ï‚· Differentiate among the roles of the executive, judicial, and legislative branches in establishing and implementing public policy at the federal and state
governmental levels
ï‚· Evaluate public budgeting techniques for their effect on governmental organizations and stakeholders
ï‚· Assess real-world communication strategies employed by governmental institutions for their effectiveness in enhancing public outreach and developing
a sense of community
Prompt
Your final project should focus on an organizational, a legal, or a cultural challenge facing public administrators that is of interest to you. Using this challenge as
your lens, write a white paper discussing the impact different theories have had on the practice of public administration and examining the unique challenges
facing managers in the public sector. Remember that the focus of your paper is the public administration challenge that you selected.
You may select one of these challenges to public administration, or you may choose another, with instructor approval:
 Discuss the emergence of the “governance without government†concept, which focuses on the importance of networks, nontraditional partnerships,
and the markets to guide society, rather than traditional bureaucratic institutions. This movement has taken hold in Europe and is gaining momentum in
the United States.
 How is the new public administration movement impacting the “accountability versus efficiency†paradigm that has defined the profession since its
inception?
ï‚· How is the reintroduction of privatization impacting public policy decision making and the targeted social outcomes? For example, imagine a state
determines that access to high-speed internet for every home is essential for long-term public health, yet in areas of the state, the market has
determined that it is not profitable to provide the service. Should the state form a partnership with a private sector business (i.e., subsidize) to ensure
that their social goal is obtained?
ï‚· What are effective performance measures to evaluate programs and management in the public sector? Traditionally, the focus has been on measuring
inputs and activities. Is this focus still effective?
ï‚· How can flexibility and creativity be integrated into the structures of public organizations in a way that allows for nimble, street-level decision making to
swiftly adapt to ever-changing environmental conditions while maintaining some level of accountability to the citizens?
Specifically, the following critical elements must be addressed:
I. Introduction
Concisely describe your chosen organizational, legal, or cultural challenge in the field of public administration.
II. Theoretical Overview: Ensure that you focus specifically on the organizational, legal, or cultural challenge that you selected.
A. Public Administration Advocates: Describe the original advocates for the development of professional public management within the federal
government of the United States. In your description, consider questions such as these: What were their viewpoints? How did they advocate for
the development of public administration?
B. Impact on Public Administration: Differentiate between the views of Dwight Waldo and Herbert Simon. How did each impact the development
of the public administration profession?
C. Public Administration Dichotomy: Analyze the founding dichotomy of public administration as expressed by Dwight Waldo for its impact on
public administration practice.
III. Public Administration in Practice
A. Governmental Operations: Ensure that you focus specifically on the organizational, legal, or cultural challenge that you selected.
1. Civil Service Implementation: Assess the impact that the implementation of civil service had on the effectiveness of public service in
the federal government.
2. Local Governmental Operations: Illustrate how public administration has manifested itself in local governmental operations. In other
words, what impact has professional management had on local governmental operations? For example, you could consider how
prevalent the mayor/manager form of government is.
3. Impact of Iron Triangle: Assess the impact of the “iron triangle†on public policy and program administration at the state and federal
levels of government. In other words, how does the bureaucracy counterbalance the direct relationship between special interests and
the legislature?
B. Differences Between Public Administration and Private Sector Management: Ensure that you focus specifically on the organizational, legal, or
cultural challenge that you selected.
1. Organizational Differences: Contrast the impact of political boundaries in governmental operations versus the private sector. For
example, you could consider how political boundaries impact program and operational efficiencies. Provide specific examples to
support your response.
2. Legal Differences: Analyze mandates, legal and nonlegal, related to the challenge you selected. How do they impact the operations of
state and local governments? How do these mandates apply to private sector firms? Provide specific examples to support your
response.
3. Cultural Differences: Illustrate the impacts politics can have on administrative appointments in the public and private sectors. In other
words, what is the impact of political appointments on the culture of governmental agencies and private businesses? Provide specific
examples to support your response.
C. Roles of the Executive, Legislative, and Judicial Branches: Ensure that you focus specifically on the organizational, legal, or cultural challenge that
you selected.
1. Executive Branch: Outline the role of the executive branch of government in the development of public policy, specifically related to
the challenge you selected.
2. Legislative Branch: Outline the role of the legislative branch of government in the development of public policy, specifically related to
the challenge you selected.
3. Judicial Branch: What role does the court system play in arbitrating public policy disputes between the executive and legislative
branches of government? Focus specifically on how the judicial branch has impacted the challenge you selected.
D. Public Budgeting Techniques: Ensure that you focus specifically on the organizational, legal, or cultural challenge that you selected.
1. Zero-Based Budgeting: Assess the principle of zero-based budgeting for how it has impacted federal programs and their stakeholders.
What are the pros and cons of this methodology?
2. Performance-Based Budgeting: Assess how performance-based budgeting applies to private sector budgeting practices in a public
sector setting. What are the pros and cons of this methodology? Include the impact on public programs and their stakeholders in your
response.
3. Emerging Budget Strategies: Describe emerging budget strategies being utilized by public agencies to address the difficult fiscal
environment facing local governments. In other words, what contemporary public budgeting techniques are effective?
E. Governmental Communication Strategies: Ensure that you focus specifically on the organizational, legal, or cultural challenge that you selected.
1. Impact of Social Media: Assess the effectiveness of social media on governmental operations at the federal, state, or local
governmental level. Consider questions such as these: What impact has social media had in enhancing public outreach? How has social
media been used to develop a sense of community?
2. Impact of Other Media Types: Assess how various other media types can enhance public outreach and impact a citizen’s sense of
community.
3. Communication Strategies: How has the proliferation of information outlets impacted the communication strategies utilized by
government officials?
Milestones
Milestone One: Introduction and Theoretical Overview
In Module Two, you will submit a draft of the Introduction and Theoretical Overview sections of the final project (Sections I and II). This milestone will be
graded with the Milestone One Rubric.
Milestone Two: Public Administration in Practice
In Module Five, you will submit a paper that outlines the Public Administration in Practice section of the final project (Section III). You will also include a list of
potential bibliographic references that will be used for the final project. This milestone will be graded with the Milestone Two Rubric.
Milestone Three: Rough Draft
In Module Eight, you will submit a rough draft of your final project. This milestone will be graded with the Milestone Three Rubric.
Final Submission: White Paper
In Module Ten, you will submit your final project. It should be a complete, polished artifact containing all of the critical elements of the final product. It should
reflect the incorporation of feedback gained throughout the course. This submission will be graded with the Final Project Rubric.
Deliverables
Milestone Deliverable Module Due Grading
One Introduction and Theoretical Overview (Sections I and II) Two Graded separately; Milestone One Rubric
Two Public Administration in Practice (Section III) Five Graded separately; Milestone Two Rubric
Three Rough Draft Eight Graded separately; Milestone Three Rubric
Final Submission: White Paper Ten Graded separately; Final Project Rubric
Final Project Rubric
Guidelines for Submission: Your white paper should be 15–20 pages in length and should use double spacing, 12-point Times New Roman font, and one-inch
margins. You should use APA guidelines for your cover page, in-text citations, and reference list.
Critical Elements Exemplary (100%) Proficient (90%) Needs Improvement (70%) Not Evident (0%) Value
Introduction Meets “Proficient†criteria, and
description expertly balances
necessary detail with brevity
Concisely describes selected
organizational, legal, or cultural
challenge in public
administration
Describes selected
organizational, legal, or cultural
challenge in public
administration, but description is
wordy or vague
Does not describe selected
organizational, legal, or cultural
challenge in public
administration
4.1
Theoretical Overview:
Public Administration
Advocates
[PAD-630-01]
Meets “Proficient†criteria, and
description demonstrates
nuanced understanding of early
public administration theorists’
contrasting views
Describes original advocates for
development of professional
public management in federal
government of United States
Describes original advocates for
development of professional
public management in federal
government of United States, but
with gaps in clarity or detail
Does not describe original
advocates for development of
professional public management
in federal government of United
States, or description lacks focus
on selected challenge
5.1
Theoretical Overview:
Impact on Public
Administration
[PAD-630-01]
Meets “Proficient†criteria, and
response demonstrates keen
insight into relationship between
contrasting views of early public
administration theorists and
impact on public administration
profession
Differentiates between the views
of Dwight Waldo and Herbert
Simon for how they impacted the
development of the public
administration profession
Differentiates between the views
of Dwight Waldo and Herbert
Simon for how they impacted the
development of the public
administration profession, but
with gaps in accuracy or detail
Does not differentiate between
the views of Dwight Waldo and
Herbert Simon for how they
impacted the development of the
public administration profession,
or response lacks focus on
selected challenge
5.1
Theoretical Overview:
Public Administration
Dichotomy
[PAD-630-01]
Meets “Proficient†criteria, and
analysis demonstrates keen
insight into relationship between
contrasting views of early public
administration theorists and
impact on public administration
profession
Analyzes founding dichotomy of
public administration as
expressed by Dwight Waldo for
its impact on public
administrative practice
Analyzes founding dichotomy of
public administration as
expressed by Dwight Waldo for
its impact on public
administrative practice, but with
gaps in accuracy or detail
Does not analyze founding
dichotomy of public
administration as expressed by
Dwight Waldo for its impact on
public administrative practice, or
analysis lacks focus on selected
challenge
5.1
Public Administration
in Practice: Civil Service
Implementation
[PAD-630-02]
Meets “Proficient†criteria, and
assessment demonstrates
nuanced understanding of
impact of professional
management on effectiveness of
governmental operations
Assesses the impact that the
implementation of civil service
had on the effectiveness of public
service in the federal
government
Assesses the impact that the
implementation of civil service
had on the effectiveness of
public service in the federal
government, but assessment is
cursory or inaccurate
Does not assess the impact that
the implementation of civil
service had on the effectiveness
of public service in the federal
government, or assessment lacks
focus on selected challenge
5.1
Public Administration
in Practice: Local
Governmental
Operations
[PAD-630-02]
Meets “Proficient†criteria, and
response demonstrates nuanced
understanding of impact of
professional management on
effectiveness of governmental
operations
Illustrates how public
administration has manifested
itself in local governmental
operations
Illustrates how public
administration has manifested
itself in local governmental
operations, but with gaps in
clarity or detail
Does not illustrate how public
administration has manifested
itself in local governmental
operations, or response lacks
focus on selected challenge
5.1
Public Administration
in Practice: Impact of
Iron Triangle
[PAD-630-02]
Meets “Proficient†criteria, and
assessment demonstrates
nuanced understanding of
impact of professional
management on effectiveness of
governmental operations
Assesses impact of iron triangle
on public policy and program
administration at state and
federal levels of government
Assesses impact of iron triangle
on public policy and program
administration at state and
federal levels of government, but
assessment is cursory or
inaccurate
Does not assess impact of iron
triangle on public policy and
program administration at state
and federal levels of government,
or response lacks focus on
selected challenge
5.1
Public Administration
in Practice:
Organizational
Differences
[PAD-630-03]
Meets “Proficient†criteria, and
response demonstrates keen
insight into differences between
public and private sector
management
Contrasts impact of political
boundaries in governmental
operations versus the private
sector, supporting response with
specific examples
Contrasts impact of political
boundaries in governmental
operations versus the private
sector, but with gaps in accuracy,
detail, or support
Does not contrast impact of
political boundaries in
governmental operations versus
the private sector, or response
lacks focus on selected challenge
5.1
Public Administration
in Practice: Legal
Differences
[PAD-630-03]
Meets “Proficient†criteria, and
response demonstrates keen
insight into differences between
public and private sector
management
Analyzes legal and nonlegal
mandates related to selected
challenges for how they impact
state and local government
operations and private sector
firms, supporting response with
specific examples
Analyzes legal and nonlegal
mandates related to selected
challenges for how they impact
state and local government
operations and private sector
firms, but with gaps in accuracy,
detail, or support
Does not analyze legal and
nonlegal mandates related to
selected challenges for how they
impact state and local
government operations and
private sector firms, or response
lacks focus on selected challenge
5.1
Public Administration
in Practice: Cultural
Differences
[PAD-630-03]
Meets “Proficient†criteria, and
response demonstrates keen
insight into differences between
public and private sector
management
Illustrates impacts of politics on
administrative appointments in
public and private sectors,
supporting response with specific
examples
Illustrates impacts of politics on
administrative appointments in
public and private sectors, but
with gaps in clarity, detail, or
support
Does not illustrate impacts of
politics on administrative
appointments in public and
private sectors, or response lacks
focus on selected challenge
5.1
Public Administration
in Practice: Executive
Branch
[PAD-630-04]
Meets “Proficient†criteria, and
response demonstrates nuanced
understanding of role of
executive branch in establishing
and implementing public policy
Outlines role of executive branch
of government in development
of public policy, specifically
related to selected challenge
Outlines role of executive branch
of government in development
of public policy, specifically
related to selected challenge, but
with gaps in accuracy or detail
Does not outline role of
executive branch of government
in development of public policy,
or response lacks focus on
selected challenge
5.1
Public Administration
in Practice: Legislative
Branch
[PAD-630-04]
Meets “Proficient†criteria, and
response demonstrates nuanced
understanding of role of
legislative branch in establishing
and implementing public policy
Outlines role of legislative branch
of government in development
of public policy, specifically
related to selected challenge
Outlines role of legislative branch
of government in development
of public policy, specifically
related to selected challenge, but
with gaps in accuracy or detail
Does not outline role of
legislative branch of government
in development of public policy,
or response lacks focus on
selected challenge
5.1
Public Administration
in Practice: Judicial
Branch
[PAD-630-04]
Meets “Proficient†criteria, and
response demonstrates nuanced
understanding of role of judicial
branch in establishing and
implementing public policy
Analyzes role of court system in
arbitrating public policy disputes
between executive and
legislative branches of
government, specifically related
to selected challenge
Analyzes role of court system in
arbitrating public policy disputes
between executive and
legislative branches of
government, specifically related
to selected challenge, but with
gaps in accuracy or detail
Does not analyze role of court
system in arbitrating public policy
disputes between executive and
legislative branches of
government, or response lacks
focus on selected challenge
5.1
Public Administration
in Practice: Zero-Based
Budgeting
[PAD-630-05]
Meets “Proficient†criteria, and
assessment demonstrates keen
insight into relationship between
public budgeting techniques and
governmental organizations and
stakeholders
Assesses principle of zero-based
budgeting for how it has
impacted federal programs and
their stakeholders and addresses
pros and cons of methodology
Assesses principle of zero-based
budgeting for how it has
impacted federal programs and
their stakeholders and addresses
pros and cons of methodology,
but response is cursory or
inaccurate
Does not assess principle of zerobased budgeting for how it has
impacted federal programs and
their stakeholders, or response
lacks focus on selected challenge
5.1
Public Administration
in Practice:
Performance-Based
Budgeting
[PAD-630-05]
Meets “Proficient†criteria, and
assessment demonstrates keen
insight into relationship between
public budgeting techniques and
governmental organizations and
stakeholders
Assesses how performancebased budgeting applies to
private sector budgeting
practices in public sector setting
and addresses pros and cons of
methodology and impact on
public programs and their
stakeholders
Assesses how performancebased budgeting applies to
private sector budgeting
practices in public sector setting
and addresses pros and cons of
methodology and impact on
public programs and their
stakeholders, but response is
cursory or inaccurate
Does not assess how
performance-based budgeting
applies to private sector
budgeting practices in public
sector setting, or response lacks
focus on selected challenge
5.1
Public Administration
in Practice: Emerging
Budget Strategies
[PAD-630-05]
Meets “Proficient†criteria, and
description demonstrates keen
insight into relationship between
public budgeting techniques and
governmental organizations and
stakeholders
Describes emerging budget
strategies being utilized by public
agencies to address the difficult
fiscal environment facing local
governments
Describes emerging budget
strategies being utilized by public
agencies to address the difficult
fiscal environment facing local
governments, but with gaps in
clarity or detail
Does not describe emerging
budget strategies being utilized
by public agencies to address the
difficult fiscal environment facing
local governments, or response
lacks focus on selected challenge
5.1
Public Administration
in Practice: Impact of
Social Media
[PAD-630-06]
Meets “Proficient†criteria, and
response demonstrates keen
insight into relationship between
communication strategies, public
outreach, and sense of
community
Assesses the effectiveness of
social media on governmental
operations at federal, state, or
local governmental level
Assesses the effectiveness of
social media on governmental
operations at federal, state, or
local governmental level, but
assessment is cursory or
inaccurate
Does not assess the effectiveness
of social media on governmental
operations at federal, state, or
local governmental level, or
response lacks focus on selected
challenge
5.1
Public Administration
in Practice: Impact of
Other Media Types
[PAD-630-06]
Meets “Proficient†criteria, and
response demonstrates keen
insight into relationship between
communication strategies, public
outreach, and sense of
community
Assesses how various other
media types can enhance public
outreach and impact a citizen’s
sense of community
Assesses how various other
media types can enhance public
outreach and impact a citizen’s
sense of community, but
assessment is cursory or
inaccurate
Does not assess how various
other media types can enhance
public outreach and impact a
citizen’s sense of community, or
response lacks focus on selected
challenge
5.1
Public Administration
in Practice:
Communication
Strategies
[PAD-630-06]
Meets “Proficient†criteria, and
response demonstrates nuanced
understanding of communication
strategies employed by
governmental institutions
Explains how proliferation of
information outlets has impacted
communication strategies
utilized by government officials
Explains how proliferation of
information outlets has impacted
communication strategies
utilized by government officials,
but with gaps in clarity or detail
Does not explain how
proliferation of information
outlets has impacted
communication strategies
utilized by government officials,
or response lacks focus on
selected challenge
5.1
Articulation of
Response
Submission is free of errors
related to citations, grammar,
spelling, syntax, and organization
and is presented in a professional
and easy to read format
Submission has no major errors
related to citations, grammar,
spelling, syntax, or organization
Submission has major errors
related to citations, grammar,
spelling, syntax, or organization
that negatively impact readability
and articulation of main ideas
Submission has critical errors
related to citations, grammar,
spelling, syntax, or organization
that prevent understanding of
ideas
4.1
Total 100%
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